.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" John B. Roll Jr. and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
.\" Engineers, Inc.
.\"
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
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.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
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.\"	@(#)xargs.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
.\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/xargs/xargs.1,v 1.34 2005/05/21 09:55:09 ru Exp $
.\" $xMach: xargs.1,v 1.2 2002/02/23 05:23:37 tim Exp $
.\"
.Dd August 2, 2004
.Dt XARGS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm xargs
.Nd "construct argument list(s) and execute utility"
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl 0opt
.Op Fl E Ar eofstr
.Oo
.Fl I Ar replstr
.Op Fl R Ar replacements
.Oc
.Op Fl J Ar replstr
.Op Fl L Ar number
.Oo
.Fl n Ar number
.Op Fl x
.Oc
.Op Fl P Ar maxprocs
.Op Fl s Ar size
.Op Ar utility Op Ar argument ...
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility reads space, tab, newline and end-of-file delimited strings
from the standard input and executes
.Ar utility
with the strings as
arguments.
.Pp
Any arguments specified on the command line are given to
.Ar utility
upon each invocation, followed by some number of the arguments read
from the standard input of
.Nm .
The utility
is repeatedly executed until standard input is exhausted.
.Pp
Spaces, tabs and newlines may be embedded in arguments using single
(``\ '\ '')
or double (``"'') quotes or backslashes (``\e'').
Single quotes escape all non-single quote characters, excluding newlines,
up to the matching single quote.
Double quotes escape all non-double quote characters, excluding newlines,
up to the matching double quote.
Any single character, including newlines, may be escaped by a backslash.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl 0
Change
.Nm
to expect NUL
(``\\0'')
characters as separators, instead of spaces and newlines.
This is expected to be used in concert with the
.Fl print0
function in
.Xr find 1 .
.It Fl E Ar eofstr
Use
.Ar eofstr
as a logical EOF marker.
.It Fl I Ar replstr
Execute
.Ar utility
for each input line, replacing one or more occurrences of
.Ar replstr
in up to
.Ar replacements
(or 5 if no
.Fl R
flag is specified) arguments to
.Ar utility
with the entire line of input.
The resulting arguments, after replacement is done, will not be allowed to grow
beyond 255 bytes; this is implemented by concatenating as much of the argument
containing
.Ar replstr
as possible, to the constructed arguments to
.Ar utility ,
up to 255 bytes.
The 255 byte limit does not apply to arguments to
.Ar utility
which do not contain
.Ar replstr ,
and furthermore, no replacement will be done on
.Ar utility
itself.
Implies
.Fl x .
.It Fl J Ar replstr
If this option is specified,
.Nm
will use the data read from standard input to replace the first occurrence of
.Ar replstr
instead of appending that data after all other arguments.
This option will not affect how many arguments will be read from input
.Pq Fl n ,
or the size of the command(s)
.Nm
will generate
.Pq Fl s .
The option just moves where those arguments will be placed in the command(s)
that are executed.
The
.Ar replstr
must show up as a distinct
.Ar argument
to
.Nm .
It will not be recognized if, for instance, it is in the middle of a
quoted string.
Furthermore, only the first occurrence of the
.Ar replstr
will be replaced.
For example, the following command will copy the list of files and
directories which start with an uppercase letter in the current
directory to
.Pa destdir :
.Pp
.Dl /bin/ls -1d [A-Z]* | xargs -J % cp -rp % destdir
.Pp
.It Fl L Ar number
Call
.Ar utility
for every
.Ar number
non-empty lines read.
A line ending with a space continues to the next non-empty line.
If EOF is reached and fewer lines have been read than
.Ar number
then
.Ar utility
will be called with the available lines.
The
.Fl L
and
.Fl n
options are mutually-exclusive; the last one given will be used.
.It Fl n Ar number
Set the maximum number of arguments taken from standard input for each
invocation of
.Ar utility .
An invocation of
.Ar utility
will use less than
.Ar number
standard input arguments if the number of bytes accumulated (see the
.Fl s
option) exceeds the specified
.Ar size
or there are fewer than
.Ar number
arguments remaining for the last invocation of
.Ar utility .
The current default value for
.Ar number
is 5000.
.It Fl o
Reopen stdin as
.Pa /dev/tty
in the child process before executing the command.
This is useful if you want
.Nm
to run an interactive application.
.It Fl P Ar maxprocs
Parallel mode: run at most
.Ar maxprocs
invocations of
.Ar utility
at once.
.It Fl p
Echo each command to be executed and ask the user whether it should be
executed.
An affirmative response,
.Ql y
in the POSIX locale,
causes the command to be executed, any other response causes it to be
skipped.
No commands are executed if the process is not attached to a terminal.
.It Fl R Ar replacements
Specify the maximum number of arguments that
.Fl I
will do replacement in.
If
.Ar replacements
is negative, the number of arguments in which to replace is unbounded.
.It Fl s Ar size
Set the maximum number of bytes for the command line length provided to
.Ar utility .
The sum of the length of the utility name, the arguments passed to
.Ar utility
(including
.Dv NULL
terminators) and the current environment will be less than or equal to
this number.
The current default value for
.Ar size
is
.Dv ARG_MAX
- 4096.
.It Fl t
Echo the command to be executed to standard error immediately before it
is executed.
.It Fl x
Force
.Nm
to terminate immediately if a command line containing
.Ar number
arguments will not fit in the specified (or default) command line length.
.El
.Pp
If
.Ar utility
is omitted,
.Xr echo 1
is used.
.Pp
Undefined behavior may occur if
.Ar utility
reads from the standard input.
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility exits immediately (without processing any further input) if a
command line cannot be assembled,
.Ar utility
cannot be invoked, an invocation of
.Ar utility
is terminated by a signal,
or an invocation of
.Ar utility
exits with a value of 255.
.Sh LEGACY DESCRIPTION
In legacy mode, the
.Fl L
option treats all newlines as end-of-line, regardless of whether
the line is empty or ends with a space.
In addition, the
.Fl L
and
.Fl n
options are not mutually-exclusive.
.Pp
For more information about legacy mode, see
.Xr compat 5 .
.Sh EXIT STATUS
The
.Nm
utility exits with a value of 0 if no error occurs.
If
.Ar utility
cannot be found,
.Nm
exits with a value of 127, otherwise if
.Ar utility
cannot be executed,
.Nm
exits with a value of 126.
If any other error occurs,
.Nm
exits with a value of 1.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr echo 1 ,
.Xr find 1 ,
.Xr execvp 3 ,
.Xr compat 5
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is expected to be
.St -p1003.2
compliant.
The
.Fl J , o , P
and
.Fl R
options are non-standard
.Fx
extensions which may not be available on other operating systems.
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in PWB UNIX.
.Sh BUGS
If
.Ar utility
attempts to invoke another command such that the number of arguments or the
size of the environment is increased, it risks
.Xr execvp 3
failing with
.Er E2BIG .
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility does not take multibyte characters into account when performing
string comparisons for the
.Fl I
and
.Fl J
options, which may lead to incorrect results in some locales.
